| from l953 Roxbury Latin Year Book - senior Greek class of five- left to right Gordon Martin , Peter Banks, James Sullivan, Dr. Elliott, Clifford Ronan, John Barrett. John Barrett won George Emerson Lowell Greek and Latin scholarship at Harvard. Clifford Ronan won Amherst Greek scholarship as did William Crook in l951, Ross Holloway l952, John Sweeny l954,Jim Rooney in l956 and many other students of Dr. Elliott, whose wife Kathleen taught Latin at Radcliffe college and became a dean there.#908 p 35 -Greek and Latin teaching materials parts I & 3 begun Oct. 1998 revised : Latin and clasic Greek teaching materials Some friends here in Port Angeles may be learning some Latin and classic Greek with me.Some materials are available in libraries, but I probably will develop some of my own materials to use. Here is a beginning: Anyone who would like to help me with this project - perhaps something marketable will develop; Latin verbs have indicative,subjunctive, and imperative moods- Greek also has an optative mood used in conditional clauses.Latin verbs are conjugated with active and passive forms- Greek also has a middle voice, whose meaning is often idiomatic or reflexive. Latin verbs have six tenses,present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.Greek also has an aorist tense- some verbs have first and second aorist forms with shades of usage and meaning. Both Greek and Latin nouns and prounouns are declined with nominative, genetive, dative and accusative cases, and Latin has several additional cases - the ablative is used for agency with the preposition a- or ab and without a perposition for the very common ablative of means and in various other uses such as place whence. Latin also has vocative and locative cases. Greek and Latin descend from an IndoEuropean group of languages. Latin equus and Greek hippos both mean "horse", but the stem consonant becomes "pi" in Greek and "q" in Latin. The Latin alphabet is close to English but does not use k,w, j, y, z except in foreign words. The name Julius was originally Iulius - with a vowel sound. In classical Latin the letter "v" is pronouned "w" though Lawyers "anglicize" pronunciation,as in "inter vivos" gift. Catholic church Latin especially in music gives "c" a "ch" sound. The Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters whose names are alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, KAPPA, LAMBDA, mu, nu, xi,omicron (short o), pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, khi, psi, omega(long o). The sound "h" is obtained by a symbol called the aspirate,which looks like a backwards comma written above the first vowel or diphthong of a word. The head of the aspirate sign is at the upper left.Other vowels are smooth, with a mark in the reverse direction,the head of the "comma" to the right above the vowels.Since word processors do not have Greek symbols, I am using these signs for the Greek letters in alphabetical order: ABGDEZH(eta, long 'e'sound)#(theta), IKLMNXOPRSTUF(phi)C(khi)ps(psi)W(long O,omega).I use * for the aspirate symbol ( the h sound) and ' for the smooth-breating silent symbol over initial vowels of Greek words.Adjectives have masculine, feminine, and neuter forms, agreeing with substantive words they modify.Latin verbs have four principal parts - the first person singular present active form,the present active infinitive,the first person singular perfect active form,and for transitive verbs the compound tense of the perfect passive, with the perfect passive participle (masculine singular form) and the first person singular form of the auxiliary verb to be (sum- I am). The Latin verb to be is "sum, esse, fui, futurus" an intransitive verb, where the future active participle "futurus"replaces the non-existent perfect passive participle as the fourth "principal part" of the verb. Most Latin verbs form their "principal parts" by regular rules in four conjugations. There is a stem verb in each conjugation A in the first conjugation as the verb "to carry" - porto, portare, portavi, portatus sum - E in the second conjugation as in the verb "to teach "doceo, docere, docui, doctus" or "habeo, habere" "to have".-either e or i in the large third conjugation as cedo, cedere "move, retreat, yield' with irregular perfect tense cessi- and i-stems like capio - "to take." The small fourth conjugation has I as the stem verb like "venio,venire, veni, venturus", "to come" - intransitive, where the future active participle becomes the fourth principal part. Three perfect active forms worth learning occur in Julius Caesar's famous account of his campaign in Gaul, "Veni, vidi, vici" - "I came, I saw, I conquered." Greek is a very ancient language -Homer and other early writers show traces of several different dialects, including Ionian, Achaeian, Dorian and others. In the fifth and fourth centuries before Christ the Athenian dialect became standard through writers like Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, and was spread over a wide empire by Alexander around 335 B.C. This led to a dialect called the "koine" or common for centuries over wide areas including Alexandria,where the Old Testament was translated into the Septuagint, and influenced the Greek of the New Testament, |
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